Zotsatira zaNkhondo Zapadziko Lonsepazachuma chapadziko lonse ndi nkhani yophunziridwa mozama komanso mkangano pakati pa akatswiri a mbiri yakale komanso azachuma omwe. Mikangano iŵiri ikuluikulu ya m’zaka za zana la 20—Nkhondo Yadziko I ndi Nkhondo Yadziko II—zinasonkhezera osati mkhalidwe wandale wadziko wokha wa mayiko komanso makonzedwe azachuma amene amalamulira maunansi amitundu yonse lerolino. Kumvetsetsa chikokachi ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti timvetsetse momwe chuma chadziko chilili. Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse (1914-1918) inasonyeza kusintha kwakukulu pazachuma padziko lonse. Nkhondoyo inachititsa kuti maulamuliro amphamvu, kuphatikizapo Austro-Hungary ndi Ottoman Empire, agwe, ndipo zinachititsa kuti mayiko atsopano atuluke. Pangano la Versailles mu 1919 linabweretsa kubwezera kwakukulu ku Germany, zomwe zinayambitsa kusakhazikika kwachuma ku Weimar Republic.
Kusakhazikika kumeneku kudapangitsa kuti hyperinflation iyambike kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, zomwe zidabweretsa zovuta ku Europe konse komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Thezachumachipwirikiti chapakati pa nkhondo chinayambitsa Kugwa kwachuma Kwakukulu, kumene kunayamba mu 1929 ndipo kunawononga kwambiri malonda padziko lonse ndi ntchito. Zotsatira zazachuma za Nkhondo Yadziko I zinasonkhezeranso masinthidwe aakulu m’kupanga mafakitale ndi misika yazantchito. Mayiko amene poyamba ankadalira ulimi anayamba kutukuka m’mafakitale kuti akwaniritse zofuna za nthawi ya nkhondo. Kusintha kumeneku sikunangosintha chuma chokha komanso kusintha chikhalidwe cha anthu, pamene amayi adalowa ntchito mochuluka kwambiri kuposa kale lonse. Nkhondoyi inalimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, makamaka pakupanga zinthu ndi zoyendera, zomwe pambuyo pake zidathandizira kwambiri pakubwezeretsa chuma m'zaka za zana la 20th. Nkhondo Yadziko II (1939-1945) inakulitsanso masinthidwe azachuma ameneŵa. Nkhondoyo inkafuna kusonkhanitsa chuma chambiri, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zopangira komanso kukhazikitsa chuma cha nthawi ya nkhondo.
United States idatuluka ngati mphamvu yazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, itakulitsa ntchito zake zamafakitale kwambiri kuti zithandizire magulu ankhondo a Allied. Nkhondo itatha pambuyo pa nkhondoyi idayamba kukhazikitsidwa kwa Marshall Plan, yomwe idapereka thandizo la ndalama zomanganso chuma cha ku Europe. Ntchito imeneyi sinangothandiza kukhazika mtima pansi mayiko osakazidwa ndi nkhondo komanso inalimbikitsa mgwirizano pazachuma ndi mgwirizano, ikuyala maziko a European Union. Msonkhano wa Bretton Woods mu 1944 unakhazikitsa njira yatsopano ya ndalama zapadziko lonse, kupanga mabungwe monga International Monetary Fund (IMF) ndi World Bank. Mabungwewa anali ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa kukhazikika kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi ndikuletsa zovuta zachuma zomwe zidasautsa zaka zapakati pankhondo. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitengo yosasinthika komanso dola ya ku America monga ndalama yosungira ndalama padziko lonse lapansi kunathandizira malonda ndi ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikuphatikizanso chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi.
Chisonkhezero cha Nkhondo Zadziko Lonse pa malamulo a zachuma chingakhalepobe lerolino. Zomwe taphunzira kuchokera ku kusokonekera kwachuma koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 zasintha njira zamakono za ndondomeko ya zachuma ndi zachuma. Maboma tsopano amaika patsogolo kukhazikika kwachuma ndi kukula, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zotsutsana ndi zovuta zochepetsera kugwa kwachuma. Komanso, mawonekedwe a geopolitical opangidwa ndi Nkhondo Zapadziko Lonse akupitilizabe kukhudza ubale wachuma. Kukula kwachuma chomwe chikukwera, makamaka ku Asia, kwasintha mphamvu pazamalonda padziko lonse lapansi. Maiko ngati China ndi India atenga nawo gawo pazachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi, kutsutsa ulamuliro wa mayiko akumadzulo omwe adapambana pankhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pomaliza, chikoka cha Nkhondo Zapadziko Lonse pazachuma chapadziko lonse lapansi ndi chambiri komanso chambiri. Kuyambira kugwa kwa maufumu ndi kukwera kwa mayiko atsopano mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse lapansi, mikangano imeneyi yasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika pazachuma ndi ndondomeko. Pamene dziko likupitiriza kukumana ndi mavuto azachuma, kumvetsetsa mbiri yakaleyi ndikofunikira kuti pakhale chitukuko chokhazikika ndi mgwirizano pachuma chomwe chikukula kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-08-2024